...year. This is equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of 300 to 500 European households. The latest generation of ind turbines has a 1,000-1,500 k generator and a 50-64 meter rotor diameter.Europes largest ind park in Carno, ales produces the equivalent of the electricity consumption of 20,000 homes. In Europe more than 3,000 megaatts of ind poer is on-line as of 1997, covering the aver-age domestic electricity consumption of five million people.IND ENERGY IS INEXPENSIVEind energy has become the least expensive reneable energy technology in existence.Today, according to the Danish electrical poer companies, the energy cost per kiloatthour of electricity from ind is the same as for ne goal fired poer stations fitted ith smoke scrubbing equipment, i.e. around 0.05 USD per kh for an average European site.IND ENERGY IS SAFEind energy leaves no harmful emissions or residue in the environment. ind Energy has a proven safety record. Fatal accidents in the ind industry have been related to construction and maintenance ork only.IND PROJECTS MINIMIZE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTManufacturers and ind farm developers have by no substantial experience in minimizing the ecological impact of construction ork in sensitive areas such as moors, or hen building ind farms in offshore locations. Restoring the surrounding landscape to its original state after construction has become a routine task for developers. After the useful life of a ind farm has elapsed, foundations can be reused or removed completely. The scrap value of a ind turbine can normally cover the costs of restoring its site to its initial state. of the year. IND TURBINES HISPER QUIETLY, NONoise is no longer a major problem ith advanced ind turbine technology. Modern turbines have far better aerodynamic and mechanical engineering than designs from 10 or 15 years ago, and to-speed generators ith slo moving rotors at lo ind speeds have done aay ith the problem of noise at lo ind speeds.At distances above 200 meters, the sishing sound of rotor blades is usually masked completely by ind noise in the leaves of trees or shrubs. The perception of noise is interestingly an extremely subjective phenomenon, and it depends to a large extent on the attitude of the listenerA Danish scientific survey shos that people ho find the sight of ind turbines unpleasant, also perceive that turbines are noisy, regardless of the actual sound level.IND ENERGY FITS ELL INTO THE ELECTRICAL GRIDThe major draback of ind poer is variability.In large electrical grids, hoever, consumers demand also varies, and electricity generating companies have to keep spare capacity running idle in case a major generating unit breaks don.If a poer company can handle varying consumer demand, it can technically also handle the negative consumption from ind turbines. The more ind turbines on the grid, the more short-term fluctuations from one turbine ill cancel out the fluctuations from another.In the estern part of Den-mark, more than 25 per cent of the electricity supply today comes from ind during indy inter nights.IND ENERGY IS A SCALEABLE TECHNOLOGYind energy can be used in all sorts of applications from small battery chargers in lighthouses or remote dellings to industrial scale turbines capable of supplying the equivalent of the electricity consumption of one thousand families.Other interesting and highly economic applications include ind energy combination used in ith diesel poered backup generators in several small, isolated electrical grids throughout the orld. Desalination plants in island communities in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea are another recent application.History of indturbinesThe ind Energy Pioneer Poul la CourPoul la Cour 1846-1908 ho as originally trained as a meteorologist as the pioneer of modern electricity generating ind turbines. La Cour as one of the pioneers of modern aerodynamics, and built his on ind tunnel for experiments. La Cour as concerned ith the storage of energy, and used the electricity from his ind turbines for electrolysis in order to produce hydrogen for the gas light in his school. One basic draback of this scheme as the fact that he had to replace the indos of several school buildings several times, as the hydrogen exploded due to small amounts of oxygen in the hydrogenTo of his test ind turbines in 1897 at Askov Folk High School, Askov, DenmarkCharles F. BrushCharles F. Brush 1849-1929 is one of the founders of the American electrical industry. He invented e.g. a very efficient DC dynamo used in the public electrical grid, the first commercial electrical arc light, and an efficient method for manufacturing lead-acid batteries. His company, Brush Electric in Cleveland, Ohio, as sold in 1889 and in 1892 it as merged ith Edison General Electric Company under the name General Electric Company GE.The Giant Brush indmill in Cleveland, Ohio During the inter of 1887-88 Brush built hat is today believed to be the first automatically operating ind turbine for electricity generation. It as a giant - the orlds largest - ith a rotor diameter of 17 m 50 ft. and 144 rotor blades made of cedar ood.. INCLUDEPICTURE http.indpoer.orgrt.gif t MERGEFORMATINET The turbine ran for 20 years and charged the batteries in the cellar of his mansion. INCLUDEPICTURE http.indpoer.orgrt.gif t MERGEFORMATINET Despite the size of the turbine, the generator as only a 12 k model. This is due to the fact that sloly rotating ind turbines of the American ind rose type do not have a particularly high average efficiency. Brush indmill is particularly noted for its fully automated electrical control system.Its principles using solenoids does not change very much ith future generations of ind turbines - until about 1980 hen the ind turbine controllers become equipped ith computers.1.2. The ind Energy Pioneers - 1940-1950The F.L. Smidth TurbinesDuring orld ar II the Danish engineering company F.L. Smidth built a number of to- and three-bladed ind turbines.Danish ind turbine manufacturers have actually made to-bladed ind turbines, although the so-called Danish concept is a three bladed machine. INCLUDEPICTURE http.indpoer.orgrt.gif t MERGEFORMATINET All of these machines like their predecessors generated DC direct currentThree-bladed F.L. Smidth machine from the island of Bog, built in 1942, looks more like a Danish machine, as part of a ind-diesel system hich ran the electricity supply on the island. This machine played an important role in the 1950s ind energy study programme in Denmark. In 1951 the DC generator as replaced ith a 35 k asynchronous AC alternating current generator, thus becoming the second ind turbine to generate ACThe Gedser ind TurbineThe innovative 200 k HYPERLINK http.indpoer.orgresgedser2.jpg tt sblank Gedser ind turbine as built in 1956-57 by J. Juul for the electricity company SEAS at Gedser coast in the Southern part of Denmark.The three-bladed upind turbine ith electromechanical yaing and an asynchronous generator as a pioneer...
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