...land and ales, England found it as easier to invade and conquer France than to keep it. At first Henry Vs brother, John duke of Bedford, continued to enlarge the area under English control. But soon the French began to fight back. Foreign invasion had created for the first time strong French national feeling. The English army as tice defeated by the French, ho ere inspired by a mysterious peasent girl called Joan of Arc, ho claimed to hear heavenly voices. Joan of Arc as captured by the Burgundians, and given to the English. The English gave her to the Church in Rouen, hich burnt her as a itch in 1413.England as no beginning to lose an extremely costly ar. In 1435 Englands best general, John of Bedford, died. Then Englands Breton and Burgundian allies lost confidence in the value of the English alliance. ith the loss of Gascony in 1453, the Hundred Years ar as over. England had lost everything except the port of Calais.The ars of the RosesHenry VI, ho had become king as a baby, gre up to be simple-minded and book-loving. He hated the arlike nobles, and as an unsuitable king for such a violent society. But he as a cicilised and gentle man. He founded to places of learning that still exist, Etnon College not far from London, and Kings College in Cambridge. He could happily have spent his life in such places of learning. But Henrys simple-mindedness gave ay to periods of mental illnes.England had lost a ar and as ruled by a mentally ill king ho as bad at choosing advisers. It as perhaps natural that the nobles began to ask questions about ho should be ruling the country.They remembered that Henrys grandfather Henry of Lancaster had taken the throne hen Richard II as deposed. There ere not more than sixty noble families controlling England at this time. Most of them ere related to each other through marriage. Some of the nobles ere extremely poerful. Many of them continued to keep their on private armies after returning from the ar in France, and used them to frighten local people into obeying them. Some of these armies ere large. For example, by 1450 the duke of Buckingham had 2,000 men in his private army.The disconted nobility ere divided beteen those ho remained loyal to Henry VI, the Lancastrians, and those ho supported the duke of York, the Yorkists. The duke of York as the heir of the earl of March, ho had lost the competition for the throne hen Richard II as deposed in 1399. In 1460 the duke Of York claimed the throne for himself. After his death in battle, his son Edard took up the struggle and on the throne in 1461.Edard IV put Henry into the Toer of London, but nine years later a ne Lancastrian army rescued Henry and chased Edard out of the country. Like the Lancastrians, Edard as able to raise another army. Edard had the advantage of his popularity ith the merchants of London and the southeast of England. This as because the Yorkists had strongly encouraged profitable trade, particulary ith Burgundy. Edard returned to England in 1471 and defeated the Lancastrians. Henry VI died in the Toer of London soon after, almost certainly murdered.The ar beteen York and Lancaster ould probably have stopped then if Edards son had been old enough to tule, and if Edards son had been old enough to rule, and if Edards brother, Richard of Gloucester, had not been so ambitious. But hen Edard IV died in 1483, his on to sons, the telve-year-old Edard V and his younger brother, ere put in the Toer by Richard of Gloucester. Richard took the Cron and became King Richard III. A month later the to princes ere murdered. illiam Shakespeares play Richard III, ritten a century later, accuses Richard of murder and almost everyone belived it. Richard III had a better reason than most to ish his to nepheus dead, but his guilt has never been proved. Richard III as not pupular. Lancastrians and Yorkists both disliked him. In 1485 a challenger ith a very distant claim to royal blood through John of Gaunt landed in England ith Breton soldiersto claim the throne. Many discontented lords, both Lancastrians and Yorkists, joined him. His name as Henry Tudor, duke of Richmond, and he as half elsh. He met Richard III at Bosorth. Half of Richards army changed sides, and the battle quickly ended in his defeat and death. Henry Tudor as croned king immediately, on the battlefield.The ars of the roses nearly destroyed the English idea of kingship for ever. After 1460 there had been little respect for anything except the poer to take the Cron. Tidor historians made much of these ars and made it seem as if much of England had been destroyed, this as not true. Fighting took place for only a total of fifteen month out of thehole tenty-five year period. Only the nobles andtheir armies ere involved.It is true, hoever, that the ars ere a disaster for the nobility. For the first time there had been no purpose in taking prisoniers, because no one as interested in payment of ransom. Everyone as interested in destroying the opposing nobility. Those captured in battle ere usually killed immediately. By the time of the battle of Bosorth in 1485, the old nobility had nearly destroyed itself. Almost half the lords of the sixty noble families had died in the ars. It as this fact hich made it possible for the Tudors to build a ne nation state.gzu5i5CJ taJ6saJaJ5taJastusT2a 1h à!ia8i8NormalCJsHaJmHsHtHAiDefault Paragraph Font0Ba0Body TextaaaaCJastusT2ai0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0
i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i00aDVDcEtioitreferate modificatetreferatetenglezatENG8tTHE STRUGGLE IN FRANCE - The ars of the Roses.dociai.aHaiUnknonaGaaz Times Ne Roman5...
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