...e.g. iron plough brought saving in time and labour, seed drills, potato machines, reapers Mhmaschine, binders Mhbinder, threshers à reduced labour, increased productivity- Then steam poer as used machinery, tractors.- Distribution because of good infrastructureà Enclosure Acts and efficient farm management thousand dispossessed à migrated to the tons and factories!The first steam engines- first practical steam engine pump to dra ater out of Cornish mines- crude and asteful in operation, but saved many mines from ruin- beam Balken engineo from this all later ones descendedo could only produce vertical up-and-don movement and it as expensive to run only a paltry 1 of its heat as converted into orko principally used for pumping out coal mines à needed only lo pressure steam, most ork done by atmospheric pressure reliable, long-lived- Denis Papin developed a primitive piston Kolben driven by steamIronbridge, Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution- ood becoming scarce to build houses, ships, machines à drove up costs- making smelting iron ith charcoal too expensiveà make it out of cheap coke and iron ore pig iron then Darbys son managed to make rought Schmiede- iron out of coke and iron ore- great success, exports,- Darbys grandson later built the first iron bridge 1779 the construction as the fore-runner of the steel-framed buildings of the present dayà supply of cheap and plentiful iron as necessary for the Industrial RevolutionMaritime trade- Industrial Revolution as ell served by Britains mercantile fleet- 1815 greatest in the orld- brought ra materials and took goods outards- did not profit from I.R. but proess Tapferkeit in ar, politics, colonization, protection, expanding empire- not until 1838 that steam poered ships crossed the Atlantic- 1869 Suez Canal opened, not suitable for sailKing Cotton- the mechanization of the textile industry as the first and outstanding feature of the I.R., particularly the production of cotton goods- speed up production as demand outstripped supply à more expensive- 1767 spinning jenny- 1769 spinning frame operated by ater mostly operated by omen and children 13-hour-shifts- system then idely copied, 1780 120 mills- 1785 poer loom, ool-combing machine à 2 major developments- dependent on ra materials on the ork done by Negro slaves in southern states of America- after att steam instead of ater could be used to poer factory machinesThe fuel of the Revolution- until 1700 coal mining as a rural activity seasonly for heating- later 18th century landoners exploited coal under their land- many industries needed coal, to poer steam engines, later for railays and steam ships- call for larger labour force à relatively high ages- many omen and children orked in appalling erschreckend conditions belo ground later a Bill prohibited this- problem carry up coal first by man, then shaft cages, later much safer ire cables- hazardous and dangerous environment risk of roof collapse or gas explosion- Davys safety lamp absorbed heat of the flame before it could ignite the gasà on by great hardship and deathCanals arteries of industry- bad road system, time of railays still ahead à artificial rivers, canals- first purely industrial canal from orsley mines to Manchester à prosperity to region, halved price of coal à a viable rentabel proposition into booming cotton industry- scheme to link large rivers- enabled ne mines, industries, to be established deep inland- also civil engineeringà made fortunes for their oners and manufacturers and merchants they servedà later no economic significance anymore railaysSteam comes of age- 1764 att as asked to repair a model of a Necomen engine à struck by inefficiency o reduce heat loss hich made it expensive to run à separate cylinder in hich the steam could condenseo sun and planet gear beam engine rotary action à increase shaft speed and save fuelo att developed it further- steam factories could be build everyhere as it as not dependent on a anymore- machines that ere compact and produced more poer à potential to serve as locomotive engines- 1808 engine that ran a 30-metre radius circular railroad in London 10 mphThe rise of the factory- invention of the I.R.- former times manufacturing in cottagessmall guild orkshops fe apprentices and paid hands families orked at home regulated it themselves enough money to rent a plot of land close relationship employers orkers à personal responsibility- then the demand for ne goods gre à make them faster and cheaper- ne inventions enabled mass production by a disciplined orkforce Arkrights aterframe, - first textile industry spinners and eavers concentrated there- factories poor lightingventilation, unguarded machinery, little sanitation, high noise levels bad conditions- cities developed houses nearby factories orkers no long ay to ork- sometimes the conditions ere good villagessettlements ith houses, shops, à socialrecreational amenities experiments free schooling, dancing classes, - Manchester first industrialised city, fastest groing- Most poerful forces in commercial and political life capitalists ho had the money to finance the factoriesSteel the missing link- iron carbon tougher and harder- required for tools, bearings, bridges, railroads, à method needed for a cheap production à 1856 converter, only the fuel needed to melt the iron price 8 of that before- steam hammer form steal 1.5 tons lifted up and then let fall operated ith precision, operated by only one manRailay mania- first forms aggonays, tram roads from and to mines and quarries- at the beginning not successful, failings- locomotive specially designed for heavy traffic, but slo- economic benefits of steam led investors to railay rather than to canals- started railay export business- 1830 railay Manchester Liverpool- becoming faster- many people travelled- canal operators bankrupt or bought The price of success- upper calls profited- ne educated middle class acquired to a certain extent the same privileges and advantages- lo persons that ere inventive could start a career- ne society of industrialists, merchant venturers, capitalists rested much of the landoners political poer- Many ordinary people moved to the cities because of the agrarian revolution. There they orked in factories long orking hours, monotonous repetitive labour, no proper rest and sustenance soon slums ere created because of overcroding bad living and orking conditions- Many accidents unprotected machinery, no safety regulations- Ne technology, over-production caused unemployment à families starved- Much pollution, hardly no clean ater, no sanitation à diseases cholera, - No check as there as no local government until the 18th century- omen lo ages, no rights- Penalties for destroying machinery, - Later limited orking hours for omen and children compulsory education because there as the groing need for an educated orkforceThe great exhibition- 1851 in Hyde Park- ealth, magnificence- Crystal Palace as the exhibitions building, of iron an...
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