... - sister, father - mother, son - daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - co, king - queen1.3. NumarulNumarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte.Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv dog, girl, ife, orld, storm Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singularEx. catscats, daysdays, orldsorlds Pluralul substantivelor teminate in ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugand es la singular.Ex. churcheschurches, bushesbushes, classesclasses, potatoespotatoes, bushesbushes, boxesboxes 1.3.1. Pluralul neregulatSubstantive terminate in consoanay fac pluralul in iesEx. company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies Unele substantive terminate in o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s.Ex. soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos Unele substantive terminate in f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea in ves.Ex. leaf - leaves, half - halves, ife - ives, life - lives, self - selves, olf - olvesExceptii roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, harf - harfs harves Cateva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interneEx. foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth Pluralul substantivului child este children. Unele substantive raman identice la plural Ex. aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish 1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuseIn cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvant va trece la plural.Ex. boy-friends, break-ins, travel agentsExceptii substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau oman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.Ex. men drivers, omen teachers, men servants In cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv prepozitie adverb substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.Ex. sisters-in-la, passers-by, men-of-ar, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui sEx. MPs Members of Parliament, VIPs very important persons 1.4. Substantivele unice uncountable nounsSunt substantive care nu se pot numara uncountable deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.Nume de substante bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, ood Abstractiuni earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, nes, beauty, experience, horror, knoledge, friendship, theory, literature Alte substantive baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, eather Substantivele unice sunt intotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singularEx. This coffee is cold. The eather as dreadful.Nu sunt precedate de aan pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.Ex. I do not ant any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The piece of advice you gave me helped.Nota Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfel devenind substantive comune si comportandu-se ca atare primes aan la singular, pot avea plural.Sens Unic Sens ComunHer hair is black. Parul ei este negru. She found a hair in the milk. A gasit un fir de par in lapte.Their house as made of ood. Casa lor este din lemn.e picnicked in the oods. Am mers la picnic in padure.1.5. Forma posesivaSe adauga s la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina in sEx. a childs voice, the peoples choice, a horses mouth, omens clothes Vom folosi doar apostroful cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina in s.Ex. a boys school, the Johnsons residence Numele proprii terminate in s vor primi fie doar apostrof , fie sEx. Mr Joness Mr Jones car, Yeatss Yeats poems In cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvant va primi sEx. My father-in-las guitar, Henry the Eighths ives s se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.Ex. The CEOs assistant, the PMs speech Forma posesiva se foloseste in general cand vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea in urmatoarele cazuri In expresii temporaleEx. yesterdays nespaper, in five years time, ten minutes break In expresii construite dupa modelul bani orthEx. ten dollars orth of bananas, a shillings orth of stamps In alte expresii uzualeEx. for heavens sake, a inters day, the aters edge, the planes ings, the trains departureIn cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci cand sensul comunicarii este clar magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta.Ex. You can buy this at the bakers shop. Mary bought her tickets at the travel agents office. The kids ent to Bobbys house. Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei ofsubstantiv. Aceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.Ex. the alls of the ton, the roof of the church, the keys of the houseI took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and ent to buy the book. INCLUDEPICTURE http.academiaonline.roimagestemplateveselinsexerci
tii.gif t MERGEFORMATINET 1. Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantiveactor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephe, cousin, dog, aiter, camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor burlac, absolvent, idoer, assistant, host, snake, player, bridegroom, doctor, teacher.2. Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantiveknife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, oman, leaf, loaf, man, photo, piano, sheep, shelf, storey palier, cat, story, thief, tooth, ife.3. Rescrie urmatoarele constructii conform modeluluiThe luggage belonging to the travelers - The travelers luggageThe room belonging to the child -The clothes belonging to the children -The car belonging to Mr. Smith -The luggage belonging to the VIP -The flat belonging to her son-in-la -The canteen used by the orkers -Important !Va rog sa cititi cu atentie Ghidul studentului la adresa HYPERLINK http.academiaonline.roindex.phpInfoCentruGhidulsSt
udentului http.academiaonline.roindex.phpInfoCentruGhidulsSt
udentului,special conceput pentru a raspunde tuturor intrebarilor noilor cursanti legate de modul de functionare si de invatare in cadrul Academiei Online. Discuta si comenteaza impreuna cu colegii si tutorul exercitiile fiecarei lectii si probleme de gramatica in spatiul Seminariilor Online. Nu uita ca poti accesa doarlectiile deschisesaptamanal. Lectia 2 ArticolulPentru ca un substantiv sa capete inteles intr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie insotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeazaArticolul hotarat - the Articolul nehotarat - a an Articolul zero forma implicita sau neexprimata Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba in functie de numarul sau genul substantivului si se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat.2.1. Articolul hotarat theArticolul hotarat se folosesteInaintea ...
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