...till close to the moment of speech- since-1986,january,last summer since you left dates -for period-eeks,years.for actions hose date is unknonShakespeare has ritten many sonets.for actions hich have rezults in the presentI have read this chapter and I can tell you the subject.FORMSAffirmative Shave hasIIIsg vb.Past ParticipleI Past Participleireg.vb.-III forma reg.vb.-vb.ed SPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOSUSEDfor actions ich have been developping from a certain moment in past up to the presentI have been listening to the radio for 30 minutes since 25 past 7FORMS Affirmative Shave been has been vb.ingInterogativehave has S been vb.ingNegativeS havent hasnt vb.ingFUTURE FUTURE SIMPLEFORMS Affirmative S shall ill vb shall-Isg IplNegative S shall notshant ill notont vbInterogative ill S vbFUTURE CONTINUOSIt expresses a future action that ill be taking place at a certain moment This time tomorro the children ill be atching TV.FORMSAffirmative S ill be vb ingInterogative ill S be vb ingNegative S ont be vb ingFUTURE-in-the-PAST SIMPLEIt expresses a future action or state seen from a past viepoint from the past.Our friends promised that they ould pay us a visit next eek.FORMS ill vb ould vb FUTURE-in-the-PAST CONTINUOSIt expresses a Future Continuos seen from a past viepoint.FORMS ould be ingFUTURE PERFECT SIMPLEUsed for actions hich ill be finished before another action before another momentin the future.FORM S ill shall have Past ParticiplevbFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOSUsed for future actions that at the certain moment in the future have been lasting for a hile.In June, e ill have been living in this flat for ten years. FORM ill have been ingPAST PERFECTUsed for action hich take place in the past before another actions , or a date in the past.George explained he ould go to Greece after he had bought a ne car.FORMSAffirmative S had Past ParticipleInterogative had S vb edIIINegative S hadnt Past ParticiplePAST TENSE SIMPLEThe actions starts and ends in the pasts in a specifyed momentyesterday,X days ago,before,eeks,year.Direct spech She saidI am happy today!Indirect spech She said that she as happy that day. FORMS Affirmative S vb.Negative S didnt did not IPAST TENSE CONTINUOSIt is used to express an arrangement seen from a past viepointHe as getting married only three days from no and he asnt sure.FORMSAffirmative S as ere vb ingNegative S asnt arent vb ingInterogative as ere S vb inghen e refer to Infinitive constructions , e generaly think of The Nominative ith the Infinitive and The Accusative ith the Infinitive .THE NOMINATIVE ITH THE INFINITIVE , hich consist of a noun pronoun in the Nominative Long Infinitive , is used1.ith the folloing vb. In the passive to accept , to believe , to expect , to findout , to hear , to imagine , to kno , to notice , to say , to see , to suppose , etc.She is said to be a very intelligent student.2.ith the folloing vb. in the activ voice to appear , to chance , to happen , to prove , to seem etc.The hunter changed to see the bear before I did. 3.ith such constructions as to be likely , to be certain positive , to be luckyunlucky , to be sure.My son is likely to kno hat her ne address is.4.After ordinal numbers , superlatives and the onlyJohn as the first to finish the exercise.THE ACCUSATIVE ITH THE NOMINATIVE , hich consist of a nounpronoun in the Accusative an Infinitive , is used1.ith vb. of perception to hear , to feel , to notice , to see , to perceive and after the vb to let and to make. After these vb , The Short Infinitive must be usedI sa him go into the house.That noise made her look back.One should make the difference beteenI heard her singing in the garden. PRESENT PARTICIPLE And I heard her sing at the concert.SHORT INFINITIVE 2.after vb expressing volition to demand , to desire , to forbid ,to intend , to ant ,to ish.I ant him arrive there before noon.3.after vb expressing mental activities to believe , to consider , to expect , to imagine , to kno , to suppose , to think , to understand ,etc.They didnt expect her to arrive in time.4.after vb of command or permission to allo , to command , to force , to oblige ,to order, to permit ,etc.The teacher alloed me to leave the classroom.5.after impersonal constructionsIts imposible for them to kno here e are.6.after such vb as to advise , to choose , to challenge , to convince , to send .Mother advised us not to run in the street. CAN-COULD to be able to shos ability , capacity and , sometines , illingness.He could speak three languages fluently.MAY MIGHT to be alloed permitted to expresses permission , possibility , probability.May I join youHe may might turn up any moment no.MUST to have to to be to to be forced conveys the idea of obligation and sometimes of certainty.You must finished by mondey.SHOULD expresses desirability , advice and sensible suggestions.You should tell them the truth no.OUGHT TO also hints an obligation , at hat is generally expected from people.Everybody ought to observe these rules.SHALL rarely used expresses a promise or an order hen used the 2nd or 3rd person.You shall have your bike on your birthday.ILL shos illingness , promised and introduces requests.I ill definitely help them.OULD suggests illingness and introduces formal requestsor expresses regular or habitual action in the pastould you tell me the time , sir Last summer at the seaside , I ould get up early and alk alone on the beach.USED TO also hints at repetition of action in the past.He used to call on us daily hen he lived in neighbourhood.NEED rarely used in questions , it is mostly used in negative sentences , expressing lach of necessity or obligation.You needt come ith meDo you need more moneyDARE having a perjorative nuance , it may convey either anger , irritation , strong reproach.Ho dare you talk to me like that!I dare you to say that again!He doesnt dare to sim across the river. he isnt brave enough PASSIVE VOICEI eat apples. S1D.OThe apples are eaten by me.S2I.OThe Passive voice changes the dress from the agent the one ho does the action to the object the one is suffers it.Ex He gives me apples.S1I.O D.OI.O S2I am given apples by him.S2 S1 vb.mood , tense D.O I.O Prep.O active voiceaPASSIVE VOICED.OS2I.O S2Prep.OS2bPASSIVE VOICEP1P2 be mood ,tense from P1Past Participle III form or ed c PASSIVE VOICES1I.OTHE ZERO ARTICLEARTICLE .0ThRsxz,DHLNQiGksui5VSMVZfaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
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