...ists in Ulster reacted ith alarm in 1913 the Ulster Volunteer Force UVF as formed aimed against the Home rule being imposed.2. The siege of Londonderry and the battle of the Boyne, 1960The conflict beteen Catholicism and Protestantism played a large part in the 17th centurys several ars in England and Ireland civil ars, colonial ars . In 1960 illiam of Orange deposed the Catholic king James II, after the battle of Boyne. After the victory, las ere enacted by the all-Protestant Parliament of Ireland barring Catholics from all offices, land onership, schooling, and other avenues leading toard ealth and education. These las effectively entrenched the existing hatreds beteen the to communities and glorified violent actions by one community to defend itself from the other. 3.The Easter Rising of 1916To nationalist militias, the Irish Citizens Army and the Irish Volunteers ere formed, dedicated to Home Rule. They ere far less efficiently then the UFV and they quickly spilt in 1914. Hoever a small part of the force, led by Republicans staged an armed rebellion the Easter Rising in April 1916, briefly tacking over a small part of central Dublin. Their attempt at gun running had failed ith the capture and scuttling of the Aud, carrying thousand of German eapons. The general uprising the Republicans hoped they ould inspire throughout the country never happened. The rebellion as crushed its leaders ere judge guilty of treason and shot. 4. The Partition of Ireland 1921 and the Civil ar in the Irish Free State 1921 to 1923The failed Rising as an inspiration for more to join the nely created Irish Republican Army IRA and fight. The conflict escalated into a brutal ar of attrition beteen the IRA and the British.The treaty of 1921 that ended the ar ith the British as a messy compromise. The IRA spilt on the treaty issue and there as civil ar. This became more brutal then the ar of independence before it, ith massacres and atrocities committed by both sides. The south altered its constitution in 1937 severing most of its links ith the UK. It declared itself Republic in 1947.The boundary commission that as set up as part of the treaty to realign the border beteen Northern Ireland and Free State did not meet till 1924. The unionist position as not an inch, as for the Free States ho dre up a minimum negotiation position. But not even a minimum position could be held, and so the Commission as very quickly abandoned favor of the status quo the border created by the Government of Ireland Act in 1925. This left substantial unionist minorities in Donegal and Monaghan and nationalist majorities in Fermanagh and Tyrone all on the rong side of the border. The Irish Free State as overhelmingly Catholic and nationalist, and unionist formed a clear but not so overhelming majority in Northern Ireland.B Aspects of the development in Northern Ireland 1923 to 19691. Gerrymandering and restricted franchise in Londonderry The northern unionists effectively created a single-party state. Proportional representation as eliminated for local council elections in 1922 and for the Northern Ireland Parliament in Stormont in 1929. One vote per person did not hold in local elections until 1969. Gerrymandering as used to secure unionist seats in nationalist areas throughout the thirties. 2. Civil rights marches in late 1960s.By the 1960s, northern republicans had mostly given up violence and turned either to politics or to retirement. But a ne civil rights movement arose in the North, to protest and correct the discrimination against Catholics. The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Captain Terence ONeill a moderate Unionist pushed through reforms in electoral la and public housing. He met ith increasing opposition from hard-line Unionists including illiam Craig and Brian Faulkner, important members of his cabinet. After a general election in hich he retained a narro majority he as forced out of office in April 1969, folloing a bombing hich as blamed on the IRA but later turned, out to be the ork of loyalists. C Aspects of troubles in the 1970s and 1980s.1. The pervasiveness of violence in Northern Ireland. Civil rights turned into civil disorder. The Belfast government could not cope hen fighting broke out in the streets of Belfast. At times, the riots verged on pogroms, such as hen loyalists invaded the nationalist Falls Road. Thousands of families ere forced to leave their homes. The London government sent British troops into Northern Ireland to keep the factions apart in August 1969.1970 as a turning point in Northern Ireland. The British Army, having been elcomed initially by Catholics turned that elcome into suspicion and hatred by conducting mass house searches in nationalist areas.In 1971, Brian Faulkner became Prime Minister after his predecessor, Chichester-Clark, resigned. Faulkner made the colossal blunder of staging Operation Internment in an attempt to quell the IRA. The Army sealed off hole areas during the night raided homes, taking hundreds men for detention ithout trial. Many of the internees ere subjected to brutal treatment. The injustice as compounded by incompetence many if not most of the internees ere innocent, and many senior IRA men escaped the net. 2. Bloody Sunday January 30th 1972The last Sunday in January 1972 as Bloody Sunday. British paratroopers shot dead thirteen unarmed men, six of them under eighteen. A fourteenth died later of injuries sustained on the same day. Thirteen others, including a ido, ere ounded. All of them had been participating in an illegal but largely peaceful march against internment. The public inquiry that folloed, conducted by the British Chief Justice, Lord idgery, as a hiteash, clearing the soldiers of blame, and lending credence to their claims that the men they shot ere armed. Bloody Sunday is a potent propaganda eapon used by the IRA and Sinn Fein. It as not the first atrocity, nor did it claim the most lives more than fifty civilians ere killed by IRA bombs in 1972 alone. On that day and in the cover up that folloed, the state used the same methods as terrorist organizations like the IRA. 3. Aims and functions of the IRA The Irish Republican Army the IRA is the descendant of the most forceful military group that had fought for independence for the hole of the island of Ireland in 1921. By the end of 1969, folloing the resistance by the unionist government to the civil rights campaign, the IRA had begun to regroup, and by early 1970 its members ere confronting British troops ho had arrived on the island to assist ith riot control. The violence of the IRA gre into extensive bombing campaigns directed against civilian, public utility, and military targets. Support for the IRA as increased in August 1971, hen, in an attempt to curb the escalating violence, Internment imprisonment ithout trial as introduced, By the end of the 1970s the Republican movement realized that it needed to build up a mass political base if its campaign as to succeed, and a n...
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