...ic zones ithin its boundaries, Turkey is subject to frequent earthquakes.Rivers and Lakes Almost all the rivers of Turkey contain rapids and are thus unsuitable for navigation. A number of rivers do not flo during the dry summer. Some rivers are, hoever, important sources of hydroelectric poer and ater for irrigation. The Kzlrmak 1150 km715 mi long, hich empties into the Black Sea, is the longest river floing entirely ithin national boundaries. The Bykmenderes ancient Meander drains estern Anatolia into the Aegean Sea its many loops and bends have given rise to the term meander in English. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flo from eastern Turkey to empty ultimately into the Persian Gulf.Van Gl Lake Van is Turkeys largest lake its aters are saline, as are those of another large body of ater, Lake Tuz. Freshater lakes include Beyehir, Eridir, and Burdurall in the southest.Climate and Vegetation The Mediterranean and Aegean shores of Turkey experience long, hot summers and mild, rainy inters. stanbul, located on the Bosporus, has an average temperature range in January of 3 to 8 C 37 to 46 F. In July the average range is 18 to 28 C 65 to 82 F. Precipitation averages about 820 mm about 32 in annually, and is heaviest beteen October and March. Olives, citrus fruit, figs, grapes, cotton, and early spring vegetables are raised. Scattered forests alternate ith lo herbaceous groth. The central Anatolian Plateau has a continental climate ith hot summers and colder inters than those along the shore. Ankara, located here, has an average temperature range of -4 to 4 C 24 to 39 F in January and 15 to 30 C 59 to 86 F in July. The average annual precipitation is about 350 mm about 14 in. Along the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, more than one-third of the yearly precipitation, hich is about 650 mm about 26 in at zmir, falls in December and January. The plateau receives only about half as much precipitation, but it is more evenly distributed over the course of the year. Grasslands and grain fields are abundant on the plateau, ith sparse forests restricted to higher slopes. The eastern highlands experience even longer and colder inters. Pastoralism and grazing prevail. Some sparse forests are found, and alpine vegetation is common at higher elevations.Humid deciduous forests as ell as a thick brush cover are found along the Black Sea, and the climate is mild and rainy. Southeastern Anatolia records the hottest summer temperatures in Turkey averaging more than 30 C86 F in July and August grain farming is dominant here, ith grazing in its drier portions. Higher elevations have forests similar to those in the eastern highlands.Animal Life Only ild boar, hich are seldom hunted or killed by Muslims the great majority of the population, remain abundant in the forests. olf, fox, ildcat, hyena, jackal, deer, bear, marten, and mountain goat inhabit more remote areas. The camel, ater buffalo, and Angora goat have been domesticated. In addition to numerous local species of birds, including the ild goose, partridge, and quail, migrations of birds of preylesser spotted eagles, buzzards, haks, kestrels, and falconspass don the Bosporus. Trout are abundant in the mountain streams, and bonito, mackerel, and bluefish are plentiful in the Turkish Straits. Anchovies are caught in the Black Sea.Mineral Resources In addition to good supplies of coal and iron ore, Turkey has a number of small but important mineral deposits, such as chromium near Guleman and Fethiye, high-grade magnetite at Divrii, and lead and zinc in scattered areas. Boron, copper, and silver are also found, and petroleum occurs in the southeast.3FQRaOPghpqSsiIIIIIIII5tBCJ OJaQJaaJ ph5BOJaQJataJ phCJ6BCJOJaQJasaJphBCJOJaQJaaJph5BCJOJaQJataJph!a
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