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f13tcgridtlangnp1033tlangfenp1033 Itrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tinsrsid602082tcharrsid602082 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 The Gallic ars tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 58-50 BCEtpar tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 The German Threattpar tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tlang1036tlangfe1033tlangnp1036tinsrsid602082tchar
rsid602082 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres...tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tinsrsid602082tcharrsid602082 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 ith these ords, Caesar begins the Bellum Gallicum, his on account of the Gthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 allic ars. The books of this unique ork, hich ere ritten at the end of each year, ere sent to the Senate in Rome, probably as supplements to an eventual application for a Triumph. The excuse for the ar as the supposed crossing of the Helvetii intothichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Roman sphere of influence and the invasion of Gaul by the German tribe of the Suebii. The reality as that Caesar needed to build up an army and a reputation to match Pompeiuss, hich ould secure him another Consulship upon his return to Rome. tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 There canthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 be no doubt that Caesar as an extremely competent General, probably one of the best ever. He understood strategy and tactics, and he could handle the brutish and greedy legionaries of his time. He as almost alays aare of the movements of his enemies thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 athichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 nd usually secured both communications and supply lines in a masterly fashion. His natural energy as turned into the feared celeritas of Caesar, a siftness of action that stunned his contemporaries. Almost paradoxically, he could combine this siftness thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 ith extraordinary patience, and as a result as almost alays able to choose the time and place for his battles, or regain the initiative even in the most difficult situations. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 In 58 BC, he moved across the borders into Gaul, defeating the estard migrathichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 tion of the Helvetii and then crushing the Sueban mercenaries under Ariovistus. ith his victory against the Germans, Caesar firmly cemented his position as Marius heir. In the folloing year he subdued the Belgic tribes in the north, hile his lieutenanthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 tthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Publius Licinius Crassus pacified present day Normandy and Brittany. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 The Meeting at Luccatpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Meanhile, the relations beteen the triumvirs had become strained. Pompeius as becoming increasingly jealous of Caesars successes hile Crassus returned to his thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 former enmity against Pompeius. During Caesars tenure as Consul, Cicero had been sacrificed to his enemy Publius Clodius of the Clodius scandal and forced to go into exile. A year later, hoever, Pompeius secured Ciceros return, a decision that antagothichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 nthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 ized Clodius. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Cicero first initiative as to procure the cura annonae grain distribution rights for Pompeius for a period of five years, an important concession hich is unlikely to have pleased Caesar. The situation gre more tense hen the Optimates,thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 supported first by Clodius and later by Cicero, attacked the lex Julia Agraria land bills of 59. To bring the matters to a head, one of the potential consuls for 55 threatened to take aay Caesars command. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 In May 56, Caesar invited Pompeius and Crassthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 us to a meeting at Lucca just inside the borders of Cisalpine Gaul, here he succeeded in patching up the alliance. Almost 200 senators participated in this meeting, including governors from Sardinia and Spain -- one ould be tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 forgiven for thinking the Senthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 ate had moved to the provinces. It as arranged that Pompeius and Crassus be Consuls for 55, and Caesars command in Gaul as prolonged for a further five years. Pompeius received a five-year term in Spain and Crassus a similar tenure in Syria. In additiothichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 nthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 , it as agreed that Caesar ould be alloed a second term as Consul upon the termination of his Gallic command. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Despite bitter resistance from Cato and the Optimates, the elections of Crassus and Pompeius ere secured and Caesars command prolonged, aftthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 er hich Crassus travelled to the east leaving Pompeius to take on the duties of Consul alone. But by the end of the year Pompeius had difficulties controlling the Consular elections for 54. Hoever skilled Pompeius might be on the battlefield, his skillsthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 did not extend to the political arena. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 Further Operations - The Channel Crossingstpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 In 56 BC, the operations in Brittany continued. The Veneti had revolted, supported by the Morini and Menapii from the Loer Rhine region. Caesar destroyed the Veneti and ththichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 e next year conquored the Morini and Menapii and virtually exterminated to German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri, ho had crossed the Rhine to help the rebels. He then bridged the Rhine and raided Germany before crossing the Channel to Britain. The Rothichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 mthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 an people, duly impressed by these feats, voted him tenty days of public thanksgiving. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 The reality as that things ere beginning to get out of hand. His expeditions to Germany and Britain had both been brief and Gaul as still far from pacified. It musthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 t have been daning on him that something more than his previous almost terrorist-like lightning strikes ould be required, if he ere to subdue the Celts. Nevertheless, he prepared to launch a ne expedition on Britain the next year. tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 800 ships and 5 Legions ere invested in the second Channel crossing, a record hich ould stand until the Normandy landings of the Second orld ar. But as Plutarch laconically tells tpar tpar thichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 He passed thither tice from that part of Gaul hich lies over againsthichtaf0tdbchtaf13tlochtf0 t it, and in...
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